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<a name = "hj-top"> </a><table class = "table1" id = "table11"><tr><td><table class = "DocHeader"><tr><td class = "DocHeader1" colspan = "2"><h1>Stress and Strains</h1></td></tr><tr><td class = "DocHeader4" colspan = "2"/></tr><tr><td class = "DocHeader3" colspan = "2"><table class = "DocThemeIntro" id = "table12"><tr><td class = "Intro1"><p class = "header"><p class = "abstract">
<span class = "shortdesc">Stress and Strains</span>

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</p><hr class = "header"/></td></tr><tr><td class = "Intro2"><span class = "run-in">In this section:</span><br/><ul class = "ulthemes"><li><a title = "The equivalent stresses are the main input for the shape optimization controller algorithm. All values, whether nodal, from gauss points or elements, are interpolated to the nodes. Most equivalent stresses are only allowed in the objective function by controller-based shape optimization. Some measures are also available for sensitivity-based optimizations." href = "tso-c-usr-terms-dresps-stressstrain-equStress.htm">Equivalent Stresses and Strains</a></li><li><a title = "For most materials and only proportional loading, PEMAG is equal to Equivalent Plastic Strain (PEEQ). It is available only with Abaqus sensitivities." href = "tso-c-usr-terms-dresps-stressstrain-Pemag.htm">Plastic Strain Magnitude (PEMAG)</a></li><li><a title = "To reduce the long computation time that is associated with simulations using plastic material behavior, plastic strain can be approximated from linear elastic simulations using plasticity correction factors. It is available only with Abaqus sensitivities." href = "tso-c-usr-terms-dresps-stressstrain-Corrections.htm">Plasticity Correction Factors</a></li><li><a title = "The stress in sensitivity-based shape optimization SIG_MISES is the elemental centroidal von Mises stress, and its sensitivities are approximated using the P-mean Norm." href = "tso-c-usr-terms-dresps-stressstrain-shapeSensStress.htm">Stress in Sensitivity-Based Shape Optimization</a></li><li><a title = "This section describes the theory of von Mises stress in topology" href = "tso-m-usr-terms-dresps-stressstrain-stressTopo-sb.htm">Stress in Topology Optimization</a></li></ul></td></tr></table></td></tr></table>




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